vietnam government history

Both the 1980 and 1992 constitutions institutionalized the Vietnamese Communist Party as the sole source of leadership for the state and society. "[4] The VFF is governed on the principles of "democratic consensus, coordinated and united action. The Communist Party of Vietnam, the leading non-State organ, operates in accordance with the laws. history.state.gov 3.0 shell. The South Vietnamese forces had collapsed under the rapid advancement of the North Vietnamese. "[54] The People's Committee is headed by a Chairman, who acts as the body's leader. The Deputy Heads, prosecutors and inspectors appointed by the SPP head can be dismissed by the President on the Head's request. [35] Standing Committee members cannot simultaneously be members of the Government. It is also responsible for the effectiveness of the state apparatus itself from the top down, stabilisation in the country and the observance of the constitution. This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/. Outside the ruling troika, it was Nguyễn Xuân Phúc, the Chairman of the Government Office, who was elected with the highest margin, with 94.59 percent of the votes. The people supervise the actions of the party and it depends on their contribution to strengthen and unify it. The judicial system consists of courts and tribunals at various levels and the Supreme People’s Procuracy. Adopted: 1992; Communist Party of Vietnam holds the central role in politics and society. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. At the war's end in August 1945, a power vacuum was created in Vietnam. The composition of the SPC includes the Chief Justice (Vietnamese: Chánh án Tòa án Nhân dân Tối cao), Deputy Chief Judge, jurors and court secretaries. The Vietnamese military carries considerable prestige and political influence within the country. Despite foreign criticism, it is generally believed that the National Assembly has become more powerful in recent years. The Japanese occupied Vietnam during World War II but allowed the French to remain and exert some influence. According to the Government Web Portal, the operating principles of the courts are, during hearings, that the "judges and jurors are independent and only obey the laws." After 1975 the northern system was … parliamentary election, and they have a five-year term. The number of self-nominated candidates was four times higher than the previous election. Despite previous president… Three election commissions have been established to manage elections; at the central level is the Election Council, at the provincial level and in centrally-run cities the Election Committee is responsible for election monitoring and the Election Commission is responsible for election monitoring at constituencies. The Chief Judge of the SPC is elected by the National Assembly, while the President of the Socialist Republic has the power to nominate and dismiss the Deputy Chief Judge and judges at the Chief Judge's request. In an effort to increase judicial independence, the government transferred local courts from the Ministry of Justice to the SPC in September 2002. [50] It must pass resolutions which are formal orders of superior organs of state, and it acts on behalf of the constitution. It is the People's Committee which has the responsibility to implement "the Constitution, the law, the formal written orders of superior State organs and the resolutions of the People's Council. It leads the Vietnam Fatherland Front, a coalition of numerous popular political and social associations that disseminates party policies, serves as a training ground for potential party members, and submits lists of candidates for seats in the National Assembly. Towns, districts and villages are locally accountable to some degree through elected people's councils. [44] 487 deputies of the National Assembly,[45] meaning 97.4 percent, voted in favour of TrÆ°Æ¡ng Tấn Sang. Vietnam is a densely populated developing country that has been transitioning since 1986 from the rigidities of a centrally planned, highly agrarian economy to a more industrial and market based economy, and it has raised incomes substantially. … It is accountable to the National Assembly of Vietnam, and, more directly, to the Vietnamese Council of Statewhen the National Assembly is not in session. Several capitalists were elected to the assembly, but due to the socialist ideology of the state, they are not allowed to sit on the assembly's Committee on Economy and Budget. The majority of the seats are filled by male members of the Vietnamese Communist Party. [4], The Supreme People's Prosecutor (SPP) (Vietnamese: Viện Kiểm sát Nhân dân Tối cao), the Vietnamese equivalent to an attorney general, observes the implementation process of the Ministries, ministerial-level agencies, government organs, local authorities, social and economic organisations, the armed forces, security forces and the Vietnamese citizens in general. "[4] Its organisation has been modelled after the state structure, and the VFF has its own independent statute. Archaeological findings from 1965, still under research, show the remains of two hominins closely related to Sinanthropus, dating as far back as the Middle Pleistocene era, roughly half a million years ago. In turn, the district is divided into communes and townlets. Foreign Relations volumes (118). [41] The last election was held, according to the authorities, in a democratic, fair, lawful and safe manner and was considered a success. The country's highest judicial organ is the Supreme People's Court (SPC) (Vietnamese: Tòa án Nhân dân Tối cao). [38], The Vietnamese judicial system is based upon Socialist legality. The SPP issues arrest warrants, sometimes retroactively[citation needed]. The President has influence on foreign policy, and has the right to declare a state of emergency and to declare war. [4], The membership of the Standing Committee consists of the Chairman (Vietnamese: Chủ tịch Quốc hội), deputy chairmen and other members; these members are elected by the National Assembly. The People's Council is democratically elected, and is accountable to the people and to superior organs of the state. Both men and women must be at least 18 years old to serve. [53], The People's Council appoint a People's Committee, the executive organ of the People's Council. The Vietnam Fatherland Front embraces such important and active organizations as the Vietnam Women’s Union, the Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union, which is largely responsible for the Vietnam Youth Union, and local party units and agricultural cooperatives that assume leadership over the Farmers’ Union. The party and state base on the ideologies of Marxism and Leninism. t trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam) is an umbrella group of pro-communist movements. [40], The current 500 members of the National Assembly were elected during the 2016 All Vietnamese citizens age 18 and older and not deemed mentally incompetent are eligible to vote. Paramilitary units include People’s Public Security Forces and Self-Defense Forces. By … History of Vietnam explained in 8 minutesAll Vietnamese dynasties explained, Vietnam war and French Indochina.Support new videos from Epimetheus on Patreon! They first appeared in history as the so-called “Lac” peoples, who lived in the Red River delta region, in what is now northern Vietnam. [39] Certain cities and provinces are under direct control of the central government. The Vietnam War was the prolonged struggle between nationalist forces attempting to unify the country of Vietnam under a communist government and the United States (with the aid of … [55] According to Article 125 of the constitution, "The People's Council and the People's Committee shall make regular reports on the local situation in all fields to the Fatherland Front and the mass organisations; shall listen to their opinions and proposals on local power building and socio-economic development; shall cooperate with them in urging the people to work together with the State for the implementation of socio-economic, national-defence, and security tasks in the locality."[56]. Since 7 April 2016, the prime minister of the government has been Nguyễn Xuân Phúc. Its duties include submitting … As a result of the First Indochina War and the Geneva Conference of 1954 that marked its conclusion, the territory of the State of Vietnam … The prime minister’s office oversees a number of general departments beneath the ministerial level and committees that are formed to supervise major projects which involve more than one ministry. Committee membership is determined by the National Assembly. Vietnam - Vietnam - Health and welfare: Before reunification, health services were underdeveloped in the rural areas of the south but were well-developed in the north. Justice and democracy within the system is supposedly ensured because legal decision-making is an open process. Vietnam is a socialist republic led by the Communist Party of Vietnam. The People’s Armed Forces include the People’s Army of Vietnam, various paramilitary regional and provincial forces, the militia, and the reserves. The only legal party in Vietnam - the Communist Party of Vietnam plays the … Of these, the most important are the powers to announce, convene and chair the National Assembly sessions, to interpret the constitution, laws and ordinances, and to issue ordinances on those matters assigned by the National Assembly. Gove… There has, however, long been a notable and growing female presence in the National Assembly, as well as a small minority of nonparty representatives. The Supreme People’s Procuracy, with its local and military subdivisions, acts as a watchdog for the state. Vietnam's judiciary is also hampered by a shortage of lawyers and by rudimentary trial procedures[citation needed]. It monitors the performance of government agencies, maintains vast powers of surveillance, and acts as a prosecutor before the People’s Courts. [31] Deputies (members) of the National Assembly are directly elected on a democratic basis through secret ballots. Voter turnout was 99.51 percent; nearly 62 million people voted. Meanwhile in 1959 the North Vietnamese began a long guerrilla war to reunite Vietnam under Communist rule. The structure of the SPC (from the top down) is as follows: Council of Judges, Commission of Judges, Central Military Court, Criminal Court, Civil Court, Appeal Court, and assisting staff. Below the SPC are district and provincial people's courts, military tribunals, and administrative, economic and labor courts. All decisions of the People's Committee are taken through a collegial decision-making process, and have to "conform to the will of the majority. Notably affected were the Politburo and the larger Central Committee, which previously had been the major decision-making bodies of both the party and the state. Lê Thị Thu Ba, a member of the Party's Central Committee and Chairman of the Committee of Law during the 12th National Assembly (2007–2011), was not re-elected to the National Assembly. The South Vietnamese government, on the other hand, fought to preserve a Vietnam more closely aligned with the West. The first constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, adopted in 1980, established a Council of State as a collective presidency and a Council of Ministers. By dawn, communist forces move into Saigon, where they meet only sporadic resistance. Members of the National Assembly are chosen through direct election in their individual electoral units. Vietnam was then united under a communist government. By 1965, North Vietnamese offensives left President Johnson with two choices: … Explore more records, information, articles and resources at the National Archives organized by subject area. In the north Ho Chi Minh introduced a Communist regime while in the south Ngo Dinh Diem became ruler. Its highest organ is the national congress which decided its direction. Military judges and assessors are selected by the MOD and the SPC, but the SPC has supervisory responsibility. The history of Vietnam can be traced back to around 4000 years ago. Provinces and municipalities are centrally controlled by the national government. The 1992 document, however, delegated much more authority to the president and to the cabinet; they were given the task of running the government, while the party became responsible for overall policy decisions. The current constitution was adopted on 28 November 2013 by the National Assembly of Vietnam. Nonetheless, the Vietnamese Communist Party remains the dominant political institution within Vietnam. It supervises and guides the People's Councils and their activities, and directs, regulates and coordinates the activities of the Ethnic Council and the committees of the National Assembly. Moreover, the party seeks to influence the outcome of cases involving perceived threats to the state or the party's dominant position. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1917–1972, Volume VI, Public Diplomacy, 1961–1963 Gradually the USA became involved in the Vietnam War. In 1961, after two decades of indirect military aid, U.S. President John F. Kennedy sent the first large force of U.S. military personnel to Vietnam to bolster the ineffectual autocratic regime of South Vietnam against the communist North. The Ministry of Defence (MOD) has military tribunals, which have the same rules as civil courts. The constitution's focus on strict communist orthodoxy has become less important than economic … It is responsible for fundamental domestic and foreign policies, socio-economic policies, defence and security issues, and it exercises supreme control over all state activities. [37] The National Assembly elects the Ethnic Council, which consists of a Chairman, Deputy Chairmen and other members. With separate commands in Hanoi, Haiphong, and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam’s military is certainly among the largest and most powerful in Southeast Asia. The Vietnam General Confederation of Labour, also a member of the Vietnam Fatherland Front, has the responsibility of safeguarding workers’ welfare. There are also several commissions under the cabinet, such as the State Inspectorate. The head of the SPP is elected, dismissed, or removed from office by a proposal of the President. Vietnam (Vietnamese: Việt Nam, [vîət nāːm] ()), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghÄ©a Việt Nam), is a country in Southeast Asia and the easternmost country on … The Vietnamese Council of Ministers was entrusted by the 1980 Constitution with managing and implementing the governmental activities of the state. However in the early 1960s South Vietnam was rocked by demonstrations and in 1963 Diem was ousted in a coup. The Chairman of the Ethnic Council has to attend meetings of the Government which concern ethnic policy. [4] Notable member organisations of the VFF include the General Confederation of Labour, the Hồ Chí Minh Communist Youth Union and the Veteran Association, among others. [27] The most recent presidential elections were held on 25 July 2011, when TrÆ°Æ¡ng Tấn Sang, the incumbent, was re-elected by the deputies (members) of the National Assembly.[28]. Diplomatic Relations and the North-South Division of Vietnam, 1955. [31] It is the highest representative organ and the highest state organ. Capitalizing on this, the Việt Minh launched the "August Revolution" across the country to seize government … According to the constitution, the Standing Committee is responsible for 12 duties. A unicameral, popularly elected National Assembly is the supreme organ of the government. Larger ministries now tend to be relatively self-sufficient, with their own colleges, training institutions, and health, social, and cultural facilities. The People’s Courts function at all levels of government except the commune, where the commune administrative committee functions as a primary court. [24] The state must create a favorable environment for the VFF and its member organisations. by the Heinrich Böll, This page was last edited on 5 December 2020, at 17:23. Many senior military officers have held positions of authority within the Politburo and Central Committee, important policy-making arms of the Communist Party. The people's courts are the courts of first instance. [32] Delegates (or members) of the National Assembly are elected through secret ballots in democratic elections[33] which are held every fifth year. A few weeks later, Vietnam … "[47], Provinces and municipalities are subdivided into towns, districts and villages. [46] In his victory speech, TrÆ°Æ¡ng Tấn Sang said, "I pledge to improve my moral quality and study the example of the late President Hồ Chí Minh to cooperate with the government to bring Vietnam to become a fully industrialized country by 2015. The current Vietnamese state traces its direct lineage back to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and the 1945 August Revolution led by Hồ Chí Minh. From that time onward, a dominant theme of Vietnam’s history … It does not function as a Western-style bargaining unit, operating instead as a party organization responsible for labour matters. Nearly 10,000 communes (xa) comprise Vietnam’s lowest level of local administration. The committees supervise and conduct investigations within their respective competency and exercise powers which are stipulated by law. [34] The National Assembly is convened twice a year,[34] and its Standing Committee represents it between sessions. [26] In addition to being the Chairman of the Council for Defence and Security and commander-in-chief of the Vietnam People's Armed Forces, the president has the procedural duty of appointing or dismissing of the Vice Presidents, Prime Minister, Deputy Chief Judge of the Supreme People's Court and Head of the Supreme People's Procuracy, with the consent of the National Assembly through a simple majority vote. It elects the president, who is head of state, and the vice president, who is nominated by the president. ", "Head of Government in Vietnam - GOVERNMENT IN VIETNAM", "Preamble of the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam", Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Nguyen Phu Trong re-elected Party General Secretary, "TIN HOẠT ĐỘNG CỦA CÁC TỔ CHỨC THÀNH VIÊN", "Truong Tan Sang elected Vietnamese state president", National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, "One-party Vietnam votes in national election", "Election results for NA and People's Council deputies announced", "Party wins big in Vietnam, but with a few twists", "Truong Tan Sang nominated as Vietnam's State President", "National Assembly elects new State President", "Report on completed census results: The 1/4/2009 Population and Housing Census", VUFO-NGO, Directory of Vietnam government ministry and agency websites, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Vietnam&oldid=992510635, Articles containing Vietnamese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 26 February 2016 (Acting Head since 2015), General Secretary of the Central Committee, Head of the Steering Committee of the Central Judicial Reform, Steering Committee of the Central Judicial Reform, Active Citizens under Political Wraps: Experiences from Myanmar/Burma and Vietnam pub. It is organized on the principles of democratic centralism and is subject to Vietnamese law and constitution. The National Assembly supervises the work of the Supreme People’s Court, which is the highest court of appeal and the court of first instance for special cases (such as treason). Council for National Defense and Security, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam, National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam, President of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Standing Committee of the National Assembly, "democratic consensus, coordinated and united action. The 450 … At the provincial, district, and commune levels, the highest government authority is an elected People’s Council, the actual work of which is carried out by a People’s Committee elected by the council. Vietnam is a one-party socialist republic. The SPP respects the Constitution and state laws, practices public prosecution as stated by the law and ensures law enforcement. Three years later, with the South Vietnamese government crumbling, President Lyndon B. Johnson ordered limited bombing raids on North Vietnam, and Congress authorized the use of U.S. troops. The provinces are divided into districts, provincial cities and towns; cities under direct rule are divided into towns, urban and rural districts. In 1986, the government launched a number of economic and political reforms that began Vietnam's path to integration into the world economy. The National Assembly is the only organ vested with constitutional and legislative powers. Law at War: Vietnam 1964-1973 (U.S. Army Center of Military History) Logistic Aspects Of Vietnamization--1962-72, January 31, 1972 (General Accounting Office) Tribal Viets inhabiting the Red River delta entered written history when China’s southward expansion reached them in the 3rd century bce. It is headed by the president, prime minister and consists of deputy prime ministers, ministers and other members. [30] The Prime Minister of the Government (Vietnamese: Thủ tướng Chính phủ) is the head of government and is elected or dismissed by the National Assembly, at the request of the president. The death penalty often is imposed in cases of corruption and drug trafficking. [39], Article 6 of the Constitution states that "The people make use of state power through the agency of the National Assembly and the People's Councils, which represent the will and aspirations of the people, are elected by them and responsible to them". "[4] Its main objectives are to gather and build an people unity bloc, "strengthen the people's political and spiritual consensus, encourage the people to promote their mastership, to implement the CPV's guidelines and policies, and to abide by the Constitution and laws. The Standing Committee continues to function until a new National Assembly is elected. [43], Nguyễn Sinh Hùng, the Chairman of the National Assembly, nominated TrÆ°Æ¡ng Tấn Sang for the Presidency. Pre-historic Vietnam … In turn, officials of these local organs have the responsibility to receive and to examine them. [4], The SPC is the highest court for appeal and review, and it reports to the National Assembly, which controls the judiciary's budget and confirms the president's nominees to the SPC and SPP. The most recent fighting had begun in December 1974, when the North Vietnamese had launched a major attack against the lightly defended province of Phuoc Long, located due north of Saigon along the Cambodian border, overrunning the provincial capital at Phuoc Binh on January 6, 1975. Commune, where they meet only sporadic resistance various levels and the vice,! Appoint a people 's Council other hand, fought to preserve a more! Ii but allowed the French to remain and exert some influence environment for the Presidency, and. 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